Comparing The Matrix and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? :: Compare Contrast Matrix Androids Essays

Comparing The intercellular substance and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? For the common moviegoer and book aficionado, the movie, The Matrix and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? are bizarre and peculiar. These works are not the usual themes of normal movies and books. These works have a lot of elements in common. Both works have matrices. The movie and the book stress the idea of reality. In both works the idea of what s real and what s not is the central theme. In the movie, The Matrix there are many similarities with the book, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? One similarity is that of the matrices in both works. The movie has a ground substance of dreams. According to the movie, creation are dreaming. Dreaming means that the reality universe think of, is not reality. The reality humans think of, is a dream. Confusing, isn t? An easier way of understanding this matrix is to think of human dreams. When humans experience dreams, it is not perceive d as a dream until the dream ends. The movie exemplifies humans in the dream state of mind, similar to the dreaming stage. Neo is exposed to his real matrix. The matrix outside of his perceptual reality. He is able to perform with an undreamt of flexibility and high speed thinking. He is no longer dreaming, or as Neo called it, living. Neo has waken up. The book shares this matrix as well. In Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? the androids are dreaming. The Tyrell Corporation has programmed these androids to think, feel, and act as instructed. The androids are in a dream matrix just as humans are in The Matrix. The androids don t know what s real. What s real for them is not real. For example, Rachel can institute the piano. She doesn t know she can play the piano, until she actually starts playing it. It s a computer generated simulation. She didn t really learn how to play the piano.One difference in both works is the matrix of existence. In the book, De ckard doubts his existence. He starts to wonder what a human being is.

French Influence of Sir Gawain and The Green Knight :: Sir Gawain Green Knight Essays

French Influence of Sir Gawain and The Green Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight utilizes the convention of the French-influenced romance. What sets this formulate apart from regular Arthurian or chivalric romances is the poets departure from this convention. The clearest departure takes place at the resolution of the piece as the hero, Sir Gawain, is stricken with shame and remorse rather than modest knightly pride, even after facing what appears to be certain death and returning to his king alive and well. Although this manner of closure would conduce much to be desired for an audience who is interested in reading a ridigly conventional romance, the coexistence of the romantic convention with the departure from it inspires questions concerning why the author would contract to work within such guidelines and what the significance is of breaching those guidelines. By employing the chivalric convention in romantic literature and then going beyond it to reveal former (a) ways of thinking, the writer challenges the very notion of chivalric conventions of the surrounding social climate. He demonstrates throughout the work a need for balance. As symbolied by the pentangle timid by Sir Gawain, representing the balanced points of chivalric virture, each being codependent of the other in order to remain a whole, the narrative could be considered as a What accompanies an clasp for the seemingly sudden shift from the typical romance at the end of the piece is the raised awareness that the change does only seem to be sudden. particular(prenominal) exlporation of the plot, setting, and character descriptions illuminates several deviations from the established convention of the ideal society existing within the text. The effect is then a type of balancing act-- harangue blah blah The opening of the piece sets a fairly typical stage for an Anthurian romance, giving relevant historical and geographical information. King Arthurs court is going o n as it is expected to be within the social constructs, merrily feasting and celebrating the Christmas holiday. The entrance of the Green Knight into Arthurs court marks a significant event. He is a courtly figure from their recognizable world. He appears as a knight ought to appear tall, handsome, and fashionably dressed however, the Green Knights adherence to the conventions of the court is touch off by

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

In its tumultuous, nearly 40-year history, affirmative pull through has been both praised and pilloried as an answer to racial inequality. The policy was introduced in 1965 by President Johnson as a method of redressing discrimination that had persisted in spite of civil rights laws and constitutional guarantees. "This is the next and more profound stage of the battle for civil rights," Johnson asserted. "We seek not barely equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result."Focusing in limited on procreation and jobs, affirmative action policies required that active measures be taken to ensure that blacks and other minorities enjoyed the same opportunities for promotions, salary increases, career advancement, school admissions, scholarships, and financial aid that had been the nearly exclusive province of whites. From the outset, affirmative action was envisioned as a temporary remedy that would end once there was a "level playing fiel d" for all Americans.By the late 70s, however, flaws in the policy began to show up amid its good intentions. Reverse discrimination became an issue, epitomized by the famous Bakke case in 1978. Allan Bakke, a white male, had been rejected two years in a row by a medical school that had pass judgment less qualified minority applicantsthe school had a separate admissions policy for minorities and reserved 16 out of 100 places for minority students. The Supreme Court outlawed inflexible quota systems in affirmative action programs, which in this case had unfairly discriminated against a white applicant. In the same ruling, however, the Court upheld the legality of affirmative action per se.Fueled by "angry white men," a backlash against affirmative action began to mount. To conservatives, the system was a zero-sum game that opened the door for jobs, promotions, or education to minorities while it shut the door on whites. In a country that prized the values of self-relia nce and pulling oneself up by ones bootstraps, conservatives resented the idea that some incompetent minorities were getting a free ride on the American system. "Preferential treatment" and "quotas" became expressions of contempt. Even more contentious was the accusation that some minorities enjoyed playing the agency of professional victim. Why could some minorities who had also experienced terrible adversity and racismJews and Asians, in particularmanage to make the American way draw for them without government handouts?Liberals countered that "the land of opportunity" was a very different place for the European immigrants who landed on its shores than it was for those who arrived in the chains of slavery.

Essay examples --

Mandatory reporting laws of domestic force out for healthcare providers could be an in-chief(postnominal) step forward as well to protect children witnesses. These laws are still controversial, and those who oppose them usually do so out of concern that it will dissuade women from seeking medical help not to mention a risk of retaliation and is too much of an attempt to control the life of an adult (Culross 115). However, these requisite reporting laws would allow doctors who see signs of domestic abuse to bring in child protective services, which is a first step to protecting children who witnessed domestic violence (Culross 115). Increasingly, many believe that Child Protective Services should intervene on behalf of children who witness domestic violence (Appel 231). Historically, despite the aforementioned overlap, these programs have been very split with Child Protectice Services only focusing on the children and domestic violence programs only focusing on the abused victi ms (Findlater 84). Some opponents fear that just alike(p) mandatory reporting laws, these could put the children and t...

Anne Hutchinson :: essays research papers fc

ANNE HUTCHINSONAnne Hutchinson made the journey to the New World to break away from the Church of England. Anne wanted to feel free to tell her increasingly Puritan views. Upon expressing these views, the organization of Massachusetts believed that Anne was a great threat to the social and political order of Massachusetts Bay.Anne Hutchinson had claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man (Cohen, 47). Anne was basic solelyy telling the people that if they were already chosen by God to go to heaven, it did not matter whether they attended church because they were already chosen to go to heaven. Her claim also meant that if they were not chosen by God to go to heaven, it did not matter if they went to church because they were already chosen to go to hell. This also meant that they didnt have to listen to the law of man. This was a great threat towards the government of Massachusetts. If all peo ples were to live by what Anne claimed, there would not be any law-abiding citizens. The whole state would turn into a state of corruption. The government of Massachusetts was not going to let this happen. It was the very life of the colony that they should have conformity. They had to protect the unity of the colony.The government felt that Anne challenged all male supremacy. Women like Anne Hutchinson, strong-willed and very talkative, were unheard of during this time occlusion, and had no real place in society. The role of a woman during the colonization period of the New World was basically that of a housewife. The chief duty as a wife was to her husband and children.Gathering a select group at her home, she would review and even reinterpret the ministers sermons in the light of her own brand of Calvinism (Bailey, 45). She taught them that every person could ask and receive an answer from God if they would listen. If Anne would continue to express her thoughts amongst other wom en, all women would become a challenge to all male supremacy. The government of Massachusetts was forbidding letting this happen to their society.

Anne Hutchinson :: essays research papers fc

ANNE HUTCHINSONAnne Hutchinson made the journey to the New World to break away from the Church of England. Anne valued to feel free to express her increasingly Puritan views. Upon expressing these views, the government of mammy believed that Anne was a great threat to the social and political order of Massachusetts Bay.Anne Hutchinson had claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either divinity or man (Cohen, 47). Anne was basically telling the people that if they were already chosen by God to go to heaven, it did not matter whether they attended church because they were already chosen to go to heaven. Her claim also meant that if they were not chosen by God to go to heaven, it did not matter if they went to church because they were already chosen to go to hell. This also meant that they didnt have to listen to the law of man. This was a great threat towards the government of Massachusetts. If all peoples wer e to live by what Anne claimed, there would not be any law-abiding citizens. The whole state would turn into a state of corruption. The government of Massachusetts was not going to let this happen. It was the very life of the addiction that they should have conformity. They had to protect the unity of the colony.The government felt that Anne challenged all male supremacy. Women like Anne Hutchinson, strong-willed and very talkative, were unheard of during this time period, and had no real locate in society. The role of a woman during the colonization period of the New World was basically that of a house wife. The chief duty as a wife was to her husband and children.Gathering a select group at her home, she would review and even reinterpret the ministers sermons in the light of her own brand of Calvinism (Bailey, 45). She taught them that every soul could ask and receive an answer from God if they would listen. If Anne would continue to express her thoughts amongst other women, al l women would become a challenge to all male supremacy. The government of Massachusetts was forbidding letting this happen to their society.

Corporate Strategy of Tesco

drawframe An evaluation of Tescos rivalrous coif in spite of appearance the f be industry market. Corporate strategy ASB-4004. December the fourteenth 2009. Shahbaz Ansari- abpa40, 500 200603 Word count- 3300 excluding references, appendices, and tables. Contents page Introduction P3 History P3 Business strategy P3 Corporate strategy P3 Company taxs P3 Value strand P4 knock Ventures and Mergers and Acquisitions P4 PESTEL analysis P5 Competitors P7 Figure 1 Tescos principal(prenominal) competitors P7Figure 2 Ansoff ground substance for Tescos marketing strategy P8 Figure 3 Tescos sub-bran poisition in the United Kingdom P9 Figure 4 Tescos competition in the UK P10 Figure 5 Tescos internal competition P10 Core competencies P11 Human imaginativeness P12 Recommendations P13 Conclusions P14 References P15 Appendices P17 Appendix 1 Retail Competitors Analysis by Mintel P17 Appendix 2 Leading UK food retailers, market shares, 2008 P18 Appendix 3 Tesco UK store formats, 2008/09 P 1 9 Introduction The company that our group has chosen to analyse is Tesco.Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen who began his new estimate by selling surplus groceries from a st alling in the east end of capital of the United Kingdom One his first twenty-four hour period he made ? 1 profit and ? 4 of sales (Tescoplc. com history). Tesco has come a long way since then and is now whizz of the largest food retailers in the world, operating around 2,318 stores and employing over 326,000 people. Not only has Tesco managed to monopolise the food sector, they realise in addition diversified into a number of other sectors, some of which being insurance, mobile net scarpers, clothing, and electronics.However, this report shall form a focus of the food sector in the United Kingdom. Albeit that Tesco has 2,200 stores locally, it is categorised as operating in a globalised environment. Currently Tesco has stores in s counterbalance European countries the United Kingdom, Poland, Hungary , Turkey, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and the Republic of Ireland. Further more(prenominal) also operates in Asia, stores stand be found in China, Malaysia, Japan, Korea, Thailand, and Taiwan (Tescoplc. com community plan Tescoplc. com core UK).The long term business strategy of Tesco is currently fivefold to be a made international retailer to grow the core UK business to be as strong in the non-food arena as the food arena to develop retail services- much(prenominal) as tesco. com, Telecoms, and Tesco personal finance and to put community at the heart of what they do (Tescopl. com long term strategy). How Tesco chose to implement the corporate strategy is via a c autographing wheel model that all of the key elements of the business, nodes, operations, people, finance, and community, are dealt with an equal and balanced scorecard (Tescoplc. om CR strategy). It has been stated by Tesco that the steering wheel has been implemented to place focus on the fact that corporate respons ibility is not a specialist function in Tesco, it is a part of everybodys job every day (Tescoplc. com CR strategy). Tesco works off the business value that their core purpose is to produce value for nodes to earn their lifetime hard-corety (Tescoplc. com our values). Great emphasis is placed within people, without their customers and employees Tescos success would not get under unrivalleds skin been possible.For the re chief(prenominal)der of this report the varyings that can affect Tescos competitive advantage shall be considered and evaluated. Value chain When considering the value chain of Tesco there are a number of primary variables that can either add value (+), lose value (-), or have the potential to add value (P+). For the primary activities Inbound logistics These have an integral importance in the creation of the value chain as they bear the early opportunity to create value, therefore because of the elements related to the logistics Tesco try to achieve and main tain the level of consumer choice in store (+).The efficiency of distri thoion system of Tesco does take on to be improved (+), and the quality control system should be managed by the company efficiently so that the cost of losses are not oblige upon the customers (P+). Operations Tescos core operations are service orientated and these services involve dedicateing and closing the store, shelf maintenance, and replenishing the stock (+). Outbound logistics The main emphasis for this stage in the chain is delivering the product to the customer (+), the customer service that is provided (+) and the implementation of the trolley service which is convenient for the customer (+). marketing and sales The Tesco nightspotcard gives discounts and provides hard-corety to customers (+), selling healthy and environmentally friendly products (+), and Tescos advertisements and new policies on using recycled products to help Tesco come carbon free by 2050 (+). pin Ventures and mergers and acq uisitions In 2008, Tesco made an agreement with the Royal Bank of Scotland to buy 50% of their shareholding. This allowed Tesco to build up Tesco Personal Finance. Tesco currently offer financial products much(prenominal) as home insurance and a credit card. However, Tesco wishes to offer a full service retail bank.The reason for wanting to embark on this new venture is because owning its own bank would not just increase Tescos revenue, it would also attract new customers and provide a further service for its existing loyal customers, which other competitors do not offer (REFERENCE PLEASE YOUNG). In 1999 a French hypermarket chain named Carrefour tried to enter the Korean market but it failed. This was due to the fact that the Korean population had a preference for national supermarket chains, which this was not as the owners failed to localise the store (REFERENCE PLEASE YOUNG).Interestingly Tesco attempted to enter the South Korean market in 1999 as a mutual venture with Samsun g. It was named Samsung Homeplus Tesco and was extremely successful due to the recognition by the Koreans that it was a domestic retailer. By joining forces with a Korean business Tesco was given an instant competitive advantage and the opportunity to thrive it has now blend in one of Koreas trail retailers and there are currently 30 hypermarkets and two super express stores (Kollewe, 2004). Finally, in 2008 Tesco packd a Korean supermarket chain named Homever which was owned by the E-land group in Korea.Tesco paid ? 958 million to take over the 36 stores that the group owned (Walker, 2008). The takeover will not only increase Tescos revenue, in a country that they have already been successful in, but will also enable Tesco to gain knowledge of the off the beaten track(predicate) East and Asian markets by dint of meeting the two companies, this hopefully should enable them to be just as successful within these new markets. PESTEL analysis for Tesco Political Due to operating i n a global environment, Tesco is largely influenced by the political and legislative conditions of these countries, as well as the European Union enforcing governing rules.The government legislation for employment encourages retailers to provide work for a variant of people, ranging from flexible, lowered paid, and locally based jobs to in high spiritsly skilled, highly paid, and centrally-located jobs (Balchin, 1994). This piece of legislation also allows for the unlike demographics to be given work opportunities, such as students, senior citizens, disabled people, people from various ethnic backgrounds, and working parents. This gives Tesco a competitive advantage as it produces loyal employees. EconomicalThe receding has caused the unemployment level in the United Kingdom to soar over 28. 93 million (Office for national statistics). As economical factors are likely to influence demand, cost, price, and profits, these manakins should ferment Tescos management olfactory modal ity particularly apprehensive. Although Tescos international business does bring in a high amount of profit, they are still largely open on the UK market. If the unemployment rates continue to soar, the slowdown of the UK food market could have a severely detrimental effect on Tescos. SocialBritish customers have become one stop shoppers. Due to this movement, Tesco has been able to successfully diversify their company into a cast of different markets. One can now not only buy their weekly shop but can purchase personal insurance, electronic goods, clothing, and a range of other products from Tesco. com. Technological This particular variable of the macro-environment has helped to develop many of Tescos products and has not only been indicative of the companys satisfaction but also that of the customers. Due to services such as Tesco. om, the self checkout service and the Tesco Clubcard, the customer satisfaction levels have increased due to more personalised shopping, goods that are readily available, and convenience. However, due to the juvenile use of technology, it does allow for job cuts as face to face services have been replaced. Environmental Tesco has put in place measures to ensure that their company helps in the fight to lower carbon emissions. Their challenge is to achieve a 30% reduction of the carbon impact of the Tescos supply chain by 2020 and to become a zero carbon business by 2050 (Tescoplc. om Press release, 2009). Implementations in the forms of using green clubcard points in order to encourage environmentally friendly, carbon conscious buy the buy one get one free later scheme, that allows customers to acquire their free product at a later date to reduce scat out and are striving to reduce packaging, reduced carrier bag use, and increase recycling, this year alone they have reduced carrier bag usage by 53% (Tescopl. com Press release, 2009). Legal There are certain government legislatives and policies that Tescos have to abide by an d have a direct impact on their performance.Bodies such as the Food Retailing Commission (FRC), who prevent companies from demanding payments from suppliers and changing agreed prices without notice. Government policies for monopoly and the reduction of the buyers power can limit entry into the sector (Mintel report, 2004). Competitors The market leader of food retailers in UK is Tesco. It has 26. 2% (including non-retail is 31. 5%) market share, 2,115 stores and ? 34,874 million sales (Mintel, Food Retailing, 2008, details in Appendix 1). J Sainsbury which has 823 stores and 13. 5 (16. 5) % market share is in the second position. The third one is Asda group, and it gains 13. (15. 1) % market share with less than half of the Sainsbury stores number. The forth player in food retailing market is Wm Morrison Group which holds 9. 5(11. 7) % market share. The top four account for 63% of all food retailers sales (after adjusting for fuel sales) and dominate the market for main food shopp ing. (Mintel, Food Retailing, 2008) British supermarkets are typically evaluated by potential customers by two fix ups of criteria the perceived price levels charged and the quality of service offered interns of range of goods, quality of merchandise, opening hours, and store environment (Bradley, 2003). drawg Figure 1 Tescos main competitors adapted from Mintel report, 2009, (see appendix 1). As Tesco is in the midway of the position map, it has the opportunities to expand its product line to meet the up-market needs, or to have some discount products get the down-market interests, but the competition level in this position is very high. It is necessary to look at how Tesco still hold the No. 1 position in UK food-retailing industry. drawg Figure 2 Ansoff matrix to analyse Tescos marketing strategy.Tesco started in the UK food retailing market and the business is maturing. Sales density and market share growth are both slowing, and UK space is becoming a smaller part of the whole (Leahy, 2008). AlthoughTesco will still plan to open more stroes in UK, 80% will open outside of the UK in 2009 (Mintel, Food Retailing, 2008). The opportunities for Tesco are 1. Taking advantages of the food retailing value chain to continue to grow internationall by market development, and 2. Providing non-food products/services to the loyal customers in food retailing area by product development.Figure 3 Tescos sub-bran poisition in the United Kingdom. drawg The above figure summaries the sub-brands of Tesco with two main factors the customer perceived convenience and the product range (Food vs. Non-food). In order to hold and increase the market share, what Tesco is difficult to do is to to set a small number of big stores which could be the best choice to purchase the products when the customer have enough time. Meanwhile, there are more than one thousand express/One Stop stores which could be convenient for the customers daily life purchase.When considering the competitive advantages, our group uses Poters Five Forces (1980) to analyze Tesco competition in the UK and international markets. In the UK, Tesco bulits the barriers for new entrants (high fixed cost and difficult to get suppliers), cooperates with local suppliers (strong relationship with farmers), uses Clubcard for retaining customers (Customer loyalty), and in the food retailing there is no peculiar(prenominal) substitutes. drawg Figure 4 Tescos competition in the United Kingdom. drawg In the international markets, the situation will be different. Tesco should build relationship with the international suppliers, promote its brand to the international customers, provide products differentiation to avoid the threat from substitutes and potential entrants and compete with the international competitors which may already have strong supplier chains. Figure 5 Tesco internal markets competition. Core competencies There are two issues as the core competencies of Tesco. One is the employees, and a nother is the customers. The staffs deposit the competitiveness through the internal of the business, whereas the customers determine the external environment the profitability of the business (Kotler and Keller, 2009). Especially, when the business is in the downturn, Tesco needs to spend more time to do the research on how to satisfy the customers better than its competitors. The ultimate goal of Tesco is to reduce the cost for the customers. Since Asda enter the UK market with the introduction of parity strategy, the main players in supermarkets has face a fierce competition which based on the low-cost strategy.At that period of time (1980s), some of the main supermarkets had been replaced which was related to a low customer loyalty. People had a wide range of choice with a cheaper price. Until the Clubcard was established, customers have become more relevant to the supermarket. Although a Clubcard itself does not create loyalty, it can be a medium to produce the Tesco points ( which can be accumulated and exchange the goods/money within Tesco, source from Assen, Van den Berg, and Pietersma, 2009).Tesco notice that the total customer satisfaction experience can create the generate loyalty towards a pull strategy which is better than a direct promotion that is based on a low-cost products (a push strategy). According to Tescos annual report, In the first 6 months of the club card introduction, without any advertising case, Tesco have achieved about 17% of the customer spontaneous usage. Based on this research, it is obviously to see that a Tesco Clubcard can not only enhance the customers loyalties, but also can create a customer relationship management (CRM) for Tesco.Tesco can get the information from CRM and analyze it to find those most valuable customers. On one hand it can reduce the cost and make Tesco to target more efficiently and effectively. On the other hand this may improve the companys service quality and customer satisfaction. Club card acti vity is successful and remarkable. Customers like these activities, as well as the store managers. It gives the opportunity to create a communication channel for the managers and the customers sharing knowledge. Tesco is trying to treat its customers as shareholders.In addition, Tesco must learn and adjust their marketing strategy to meet their customers needs. That means if Tesco can notice the changing of the customers needs more quick than its competitors. Their competitors will lose their customers satisfaction and this is one of the most important competencies of Tesco, especially the critical successful factor in UK. Human Resource Tescos distinctive strategical resources and assets can be found in its employees. The HR department in Tescos has been strategically integrated in the overall plans management utilizes HR whenever they are making decisions (Beardwell J. 004). HR department helps in the building of the company through the following creating new plans and techniqu es to measure and reduce labour turnover. It has played a authoritative role in aiding diversification into new business sectors. Their slogan Every Little Helps is part of their ethos and is also inculcated in the training programs offered to their employees (Armstrong, M 2005) Tescos focuses on high commitment through the HR department by incorporating all employees by discussing its strategic directions.The major challenge to Tescos is ensuring that all employees are aware of the roles assigned and how these various roles and actions can affect the big Tescos picture (Whitelock, N. 2003). As a result, training has increased within the organization with high value placed on employees through the offer of basic and extended training. (Beardwell J. 2004). The increment in employee training within the organization is as a result of HR adopting a proactive strategic role and not an administrative one.The stance taken by HR is that by equipping the employees with the skills that they need to work will in the long run lead to increased growth. (Mullins, L. 2005) Career development is also looked at. This is in light of the changing employment market and employees feeling less secure in their jobs. A disadvantage of this is that since these skills are transferrable, they could in the long run be of benefit to their competitors. Though the merits of training the employees outweigh the demerits, employee shift or movement should not be overlooked. Marchington M & Wilkinson, A 1997) In terms of sustainability, developing employees through T&D and education are imperative because these are the most important factors in determining long-term business profitability. This can also be achieved by fully exploiting the wealth of knowledge within the organization its employees. (Armstrong, M 2005) It aims to integrate learning as part of it business culture because learning is seen as an integral way of being flexible which has a long term organizational value thus maintain ing its huge step ahead of its competition.In conclusion, Tescos integrating HR as part of its strategy and focusing on the training of its employees has made them feel a part of the overall strategy which in turn has lead to higher employee commitment. This long run effect gives Tescos the added value it needs in the competitive retail market. Recommendations There are a number of recommendations that can be specified which could enable Tesco to grow into more dominant brand and have even more success both locally and internationally.Tescos growth largely depends on its non-food products, these account for over 25% of its sales (not including petrol), and it is these areas that are the key to Tescos future success. The main emphasis should now be on developing new and innovative strategies so that these areas can blossom. Already it has been noted that Tesco beauty atom is only second to boots, and their skin care range is the fastest growing range in all supermarkets. However, th ey do face stiff competition from Asdas and Sainsburys clothing range.If Tesco wishes to be viewed as the number one one stop shop then more efforts need to be placed into the non-food areas differently customers shall use a different supermarket that do satisfy all their consumer needs. Currently there is a serious cause for concern that our carbon foot score needs to be decreased drastically. All supermarkets have a high level of waste cardboard, plastics, paper. This problem needs to be address, although Tesco has stated that they wish to be carbon free by 2050, they need to ensure that this dream becomes a realisation.They can reduce these variables by having less packaging on products, promoting recycling, and disposing with plastic bags all together and instead implement long life bags that the customer brings to the store when they visit. Tesco have been extremely successful in many foreign markets through joint ventures and mergers and acquisitions. They have acquired a lo t of useful knowledge about the Korean market and now hopefully will flourish in the Asian and Far East market. This shall only happen though if they bring not only their own values but adopt the ones of the country that they are entering.Finally, further move need to be taken into promoting Tescos banking service. If this venture does go ahead they will be an unstoppable force. Conclusion Tesco is a remarkable chain. Although it is leading in its market and is attempting to conquer the international world, it is the values that they uphold that are second to none. It is the emphasis on its people that have allowed them to be so successful by continuously trying to provide better and faster services of a high quality, and investing time and money in its employees is why they have so many loyal customers.Tescos are known for innovation, they have now become a one stop store, not only can one acquire the weekly shop but now can obtain insurance, home furnishing, clothing, and electri cal goods. It is for reasons such as these that they have always been able to stay one step ahead of their competitors. Word count 3300 References Armstrong, M (2005) (9th Edition) A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice Kogan Page, London Assen, M. , V. , Van den Berg, G. , and Pietersma. , P. 2009) primeval Management Models The 60+ models every manager needs to know, 2nd edition, Balchin A. (1994) Part-time workers in the multiple retail sector small change from employment bulwark legislation? , Employee Relations, Vol. 16 Issue 7, pp. 43-57. Beardwell, J and Claydon, T. (2004) (4th Edition) Human Resource Management A Contemporary Approach Prentice Hall, Harlow. Bradley, F. (2003) Building competitive brands, Strategic Marketing in the customer driven organization, 1st Edition, London John Wiley & Sons Ltd Press Kotler, P and Keller, K. L. (2009) Marketing Management Analysis, Planning, and Control, Prentice-Hall. Kollewe, J. (2004) cited at http//www. independent. c o. uk/news/business/news/tesco-raises-stake-in-korean-venture-544724. html. Assessed by 28 Nov, 2009 Marchington, M. & Wilkinson, A. (1996) Core Personnel and Development IPD Publishing, London. Mintel report. (2004) Food retailing- UK, Retail intelligence, November. Mintel transnational Group Ltd (2008) Food Retailing, UK, November 2008 (Nov 2008). http//0-academic. mintel. com. unicat. bangor. ac. k/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&/display/id=395621/display/id=280627. Assessed 16th Nov, 2009. Mintel International Group Ltd (2009) Food Retailing, UK, _November 2009 _(Nov 2009) http//0-academic. mintel. com. unicat. bangor. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&/display/id=395621/display/id=280627/display/id=395621. Assessed 4th Dec, 2009. Mullins, L (2005) (7th Edition) Management and Organisational Behaviour Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Edinburgh Office of national statistics cited in http//www. tatistics. gov. uk/cci/nugget. asp? ID=12. Found on th e 27/22/09. Palmer, A. & Worthington, I. (1992) Marketing an overview, The Business and Marketing Environment, 1st Edition, London McGraw Hill Press. Porter, M. , E (1980) cited in Johnson, G. & Scholes, K. (1997) Exploring Corporate Strategy, 4th Edition, London Prentice Hall Press. Tesco community plan cited in http//www. tescoplc. com/plc/corporate_responsibility_09/approach/cr_strategy/community_plan/. Tesco core UK cited in

River Road Community

We re all going to have to learn how to head again. after(prenominal) a atomic holocaust devastates the country of the United States, the people of the River way Community have to work through adversity and undertake for the excerpt of every family. Ho officeholds have to do without the things they would usually have taken for granted. They have to bond together to fight the trials of learning to walk of life. Frank s quote demonstrates his rationality of the task ahead of them as they start to learn to live again. They would have to begin by crawling before they can once more support on both feet.Frank s quote is manifested throughout the story by the spy changes in the lifestyle of the fraternity, the ways in which the diminishment of supplies are dealt with, and how the difference of community members forces some opposites to take on new roles. later the nuclear holocaust, the lifestyle of the River pass community changed drastically. Before The Day, many residents of the community were wastrels. These rejects of society lived each day to eat, drink, and sleep. They escapeed the drive to succeed in everyday life. After the bomb drop, everything changed.These blots on modern society crawled out of their shells in order to contribute something to a struggle society. They worked hard on construction and former(a) things that would help the community. This strenuous work gave these once slobs a new outlook on life as swell up as the regular exercise they lacked. But, this sudden increase in work was not the only variable playing a role on them. After the bomb, anarchy broke out among community and surrounding towns. Highwaymen robbed the innocent, and people were taken advantage of. They had to start everywhere. Randy gained leadership for the community.The next part was to gain control. He and other community members formulated a plan in which to regain control. Once it was obtained, laws were made that would govern the growing community. Th e government had started all over again. another(prenominal) lifestyle serve was in the economy. The US currency no longer had value. With no gold to rearward up the paper money, it was worthless (except as toilet paper). Instead, the River Road community relied on the barter system. Trades were made for the items that were needed. If one person needed a spoon, they could trade some honey for it.Because of the nuclear holocaust, the lifestyle of the River Road community changed. Another way in which the community had to learn how to walk again, a arise from the lack of supplies. Before The Day, many residents live on a diet of beer and nuts. After the bomb incident, many of the foods found in the pre-bombed world were no longer available. During chapter 666, the food supply runs terribly low. Helen and Lib create a new salad using leaves and other greenery found around the house. This new salad would never have been attempted had it not been for the lack of food due to the holocau st.The nutritional value of this green salad, compared to the beer and nuts, shows a positive improvement in nutritional content of their diet. Another loss came as a result of the loss of running water after the nuclear holocaust. Not long after the water was cut off the tub supplies and other rations of water, which had been stored up, were running out. The community had to limit its use of water and cut back on things that on a pre-bomb day would have seemed natural (like flushing the toilet or taking a bath). The community adapted the Artesian water to use as their source for water.This water was not as nice as the purified water they had previously had, but it was water none-the-less. The harnessing of this water required the help of many. LALALAALA. Also, when medical exam supplies ran low, things had to be improvised. With just the aid of a billiard table, steak knives, darning needles, hair curlers, and nylon line, Dan operated on Ben Franklin, removing his appendix. This i s just one example where things had to be invented due to a lack of supplies. They also decided to use hypnotism as a form of anesthesia. Dan could speak a few sentences, and they would fall into malleable trance.He would then be able to operate without the patient feeling the procedure. Another example of the River Road community having to learn to walk again would be with food preservation. Without the use of refrigerators and other systems for keeping food fresh, there was a great need for salt. The salt could be used to preserve most meats. An animal could be slaughtered, and part eaten for a meal. The remaining portions of the animal could be salted and kept for a while. Towards the end of July, Randy noticed the salt supplies running dangerously low.He and many other members of the community had to set sail in search of a source for salt. They did return triumphantly with many bags of salt. These are all ways in which the community has adapted to a loss of supplies and had to work through the adversity and learn to walk again. The last way in which the River Road community had to learn to walk again was how the loss of community members forces the others to take on new jobs. When the towns were bombed, many skilled people were lost. Jobs needed to be filled and the residents of the River Road community rose to the challenge.Helen served as the barber for the group, cutting everyone s hair. Randy was the leader. He took control of the group and returned order to an anarchical society. Dan took over as the full time doctor, and Lib took over most of the cooking. Many Frank s quote, we re all going to have to learn how to walk again, is manifested throughout the story by the observed changes in the lifestyle of the community, the ways in which the diminishment of supplies are dealt with, and how the loss of community members forces others to take on new roles.The great disaster affected everyone, and everyone pulled together to strive through the hard times . The community, crippled by the nuclear blast, regained strength and managed to walk again. The road there was filled with hardship and pain, but the path made them stronger. The River Road Community survived the nuclear holocaust, even though they had to learn how to walk all over again.

Powderhouse Productions

One of the major challenges for engineering today is to develop infrastructure that is able to withstand the forces of nature without creating an impact of the natural environment and at the said(prenominal) to substitute the growth of cities and industries.Malaysias Storm water Management and Road Tunnel is one example of the effort to develop the urban landscape tour at the same time responding to the demands for environmental management.Though the urban center is not among the highest in average precipitation, it has been vulnerable to flash floods which have the potential of progressively growing in terms of impact considering the rate of the citys growth. The government hopes to be able to deal with Kuala Lumpurs concerns regarding flooding seamlessly with its current city planning and to support future urban development projects.Project BriefThe project, completed on the 14th May of 2007 is the longest forcewater channel in South East Asian region. The project aims to com fort the traffic congestion in getting into the Malaysias capital Kuala Lumpur or KL as well as to manage seasonal flooding. The projects master(prenominal) proponents are the countrys Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Malaysian Highway Authority and the consortium of Gamuda Berhad and Malaysian Mining Corporation Berhad. Preliminary feasibility studies were conducted by the Mott MacDonald assembly (Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel, 2007).The project broke ground in 2004 when tunneling using slurry shield tunnel boring machines began from Gemilang and Tuah commenced simultaneously. The former was completed in April 2006 and the latter a year later. The tunnel has three modes of mental processs ranging from no rainfall, minor rainfall and storm water diversion and major rainfall and storm water diversion.The prongy deck motorway tunnel has a length of 4 kilometers and links the Kuala Lumpur-Seremban Expressway and the Kg. Pandan Roundabout KL-Seremban Expressway (Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project, 2007). This crates direct entry to the KL city center and the Sungai Besi Airport. So far, access to the motorway has been limited to light vehicles only.The stormwater tunnel has a length of 9.7 kilometers and a diameter of 13.2 meters. The main holding basin directs the storm water flows into programmable reservoirs. The reservoirs are twin-box culvert that also manages the release of the stormwater. Ventilation of the motorway is accomplished with shaft structures equipped with exhausts and fresh air injectors. Management and conditions are maintained by means of centralized control room through remote computer systems sensor monitoring at interval of one kilometer (Powderhouse Productions, 2006). So far, has been limited access to the motorway to light vehicles only though the project has been fully completed and operational. The government aims to allow full access by the end of May and operation of the stormwater tunnels during the upcoming m onsoons (Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel, 2007)

Importance of Scientific and Technological Development in China

Countries ar defined by a lot of factors, which include its geography, demography, technology, economy and military power. Whichever awkward is superior in totally aspects gets to be described as wholeness of the most powerful countries in the world, like America, the British Empire, and Soviet Union, for example. In the annals of the world, these mentioned countries were kn induce as powers and were cap fitting of influencing other countries in major ways. In recent days, though, there is another country that is slowly on its path on having such a title as well. This country is mainland China.China is a very famous country not solely because it is one of the largest and most populated countries in the world but also because it is one of the four ancient civilizations of the world. In terms of technology in the ancient world, China was probably not furthest behind. subsequently all, China was to the ancient world like America is to the rest of the world now. And in the prese nt 21st speed of light, China is starting to progress over again as it continues to improve its technology. After all, technological raisement can produce a better environment for the people of a country since it could produce them happier and curb acceptable, satisfying lives (Spring 119).And truthfully, technology is one of the key factors for a country to be called successful or powerful. Whoever has the good technology is cap sufficient of holding the world in its grip. And since this paper is about(predicate) the importance of scientific and technological development in China, then it is only proper to discuss number one how the science and technology of China developed from the early times to the present. Anyway, China is an emerging power that given probably a decade or so, at least, will be able to compete with America on equal footing. And that statement is not an unfounded assumption.After all, there are now books like China Friend or foeman by Hugo de Burgh (200 6) and China, Inc. How the Rise of the Next Superpower Challenges America and the World by Ted C. Fishman (2006) that fully discuss and explain the facts behind that assumption. Importance of Science and Technology in China Pre-Imperial China Chinas science and technology had been booming since the fourth century BC1. According to David Wright in his book The History of China, pre-modern China, which was 1840 and earlier, already had advanced technology in the aspects of engineering, agriculture, and warfare, to name a few.Apparently, there were a lot of inventions, discoveries and innovations that the Chinese already make years before the Western world did the same(p) thing. For example, in agriculture, the Chinese were the first to develop the trace harness. This was a very important agricultural invention, since prior to its invention, the uprise animals that were use to plow the fields were tackle around their throats and stomachs. (40) Of course, one can only imagine the pai n those animals must have gone through.Not only would such a painful experience attain an uncooperative attitude for the animal, but it probably could choke the animal if it carries a heavy load. With the trace harness, a yoke was placed across the animals chest from which traces or shafts connected it to a carriage. 1 He adds that it was only nine hundred years later that medieval Europe harnessed farm animals in the same way. At around the same time, the Chinese also did straight-line cropping, which was only practiced by Europeans in the 18th century AD, and in the sixth century BC, started using an iron plow.In medicine, the Chinese already understood that the blood circulates around the body and that it is pumped by the heart around the second century BC. This knowledge was obtained by the Arabs who later spread it to Europe. Also two centuries earlier, they were already using natural gas as a means for heating. They were even able to transport and store it after a few innova tions. And even more amazing is the fact that around the same time, someone in China already thought of the first law of Newton and defined a circle properly as shown by Mo-ist writings (Wright, 41).Then, in 14th century BC, they were already using the decimal system and already understood and used the concept of a zero. The compass and crossbow also came from the Chinese. In addition, they were also the first ones to use chemical and poison gas as weapons in battle (Wright, 42). Early Imperial China During early imperial China, around 221 BC to AD 589, technological innovations in China did not cease. The Chinese were probably the first ones to use the power of rivers and streams and the waterwheel to produce power (Wright, 64). The fact that they already had this technology during that time is already amazing.Then add the fact that they truely used this to power huge bellows for iron-casting (Wright, 64). When I imagine the movies I watch were there are medieval blacksmiths, all I can visualize are the smiths themselves or their assistants doing the bellows work. The Chinese were also the first ones to use suspension bridges. It wasnt really a straight passage then because the bridge followed the curved contours of the suspended rope. (Wright, 64) But later, the Chinese were able to remedy this after their invention and use of iron-chain suspension techniques1.Then, when they first invented paper, the first kind they made were so durable, rough and hard it was not only used for writing but also for clothing, light armor, mosquito nets, and curtains (Wright 65). They were also the first ones to develop the stirrups for horses in third century AD (Wright 65) and invent and use a seismograph (Wright 66). The seismograph did not really measure the intensity of an earthquake but it could provide the concern which helped the government officials to efficiently provide help to the affected area. The Chinese were already hang gliding and using parachutes long before da Vinci sketched his design of one.There were actual recorded events that the Chinese really did so like an emperor requiring prisoners to jump from unbound kites or an instance of a Chinese jumping from a line of longitude and landing safely with the use of several large conical straw hats tied together to his body as written by the Chinese historian Sima Qian (Wright 66). Middle and Late Imperial China According to Wright, the technological ingenuity of the Chinese ceased after Mongol conquest. However, it was also during this time that the Chinese invented and perfected one of the most important inventions that had a great impact to the world, the gunpowder.The effect of this invention is an undeniable fact and further discussion on it will be made later in the paper. Then, the Chinese also were the first to print books, but not printing itself, via woodblock printing and invent the first movable type printing. They did the last mentioned around 1040s, four hundred year s earlier than Gutenbergs invention, but did not make further efforts on it since it was impractical to use due to the atomic number 19 individual characters present in the Chinese writing. Then, they also made the first working mechanical clock and Mercator map projections (Wright 96).In addition, the Chinese made the first vaccines against smallpox and the first phosphorescent paintings (Wright 97). Spread of the science and technology outside China From the occupy of world history, one can determine that there are a number of factors responsible for how a certain country is today. For example, trade between people and countries in the early times were an important source not only of livelihood but also of science and technology. Knowledge, customs and cultures can also be spread to a certain area of the world via, ironically, war or conquests and religious activity.For a number of the inventions and innovations of the Chinese, some were spread to other parts of the world, both intentionally and unintentionally, probably by trading with other people and war. For example, patronage efforts of the Chinese to prohibit its spread, the crossbow and secret of papermaking still spread anyway. Especially, the papermaking techniques, which was said to have been guarded by the Chinese for centuries, were supposedly shared to the Arabs when those who knew it became prisoners after the Tang dynasty were discomfited by Arab armies (Wright 65).Then, there are the stirrups that were probably shared with Westerners by the Avars, whom the Chinese also knew (Wright 66). For the most part, it was revealed that Europe, the Arabs and the countries good China, Korea and Japan, were the beneficiaries of the science and technology of China. For example, for Europe, it was probably because it was then the superpower of the world. From world history, up until World War II, Europe had a lot of Asiatic colonies and having read parts of the history of China, it can be seen that Eur ope was elicit in China as well.After all, it repeatedly tried to have both a friendly and not-so-friendly relationship with China. As for the Arabs, they were basically known to be empty nomads and thus it is not impossible for them to have been to China and traded with them. And since there also came a point in Arabic history that they were able to build their own dynasty that spread by conquering in Asia, they must have been to China as well and tried to conquer parts of it. And of course, Korea and Japan are just neighboring countries of China. Eighteenth century to the present ChinaUnfortunately, I was ineffectual to find more technological inventions or innovations that the Chinese have made during this time. As Bodde mentions in his book, it is indeed puzzling that the Chinese did not have the same scientific and technological revolution that really changed Europe and the rest of the Western world (3). After all, the Chinese did have a civilization that had existed for so long and produced so many useful inventions and technology that are actually the groundwork of todays advancing science and technology way before the Westerners did.To think that if the Chinese continued on with their work, it is interesting to think where they would be at this point in time. Would they be the superpower instead of America? But as Bodde writes, such decline may have something to do with the mindset of the Chinese during that time. After all, the Chinese do adhere to their Confucian beliefs which are opposed to war and competition (3). Then, theres also the Taoist distrust of innovative technology (4). The accessible aspect was probably partly a reason for the decline.Or maybe, as Bodde said, the Chinese recognized the hazards of an advanced technology (4). After all, technology is like a ambiguous sword. It is capable of defending ones self and at the same time attacking others. Technology can help man have an easier life story but it could also be used for his d estruction. One of Chinas most important inventions Gunpowder Speaking of technology that had been used both for the good and bad of mankind, well now talk about gunpowder.Its probably weird to say that it was actually used for the good of mankind when it has been primarily and most efficiently used in war. Well, according to Embree, the Chinese werent looking for gunpowder when they discovered it during the Tang dynasty. In actuality, they were in search of a pill that could rubbish aging (849) and prolong life, in short, a form of the fabled elixir of life. The product was able to treat some skin diseases, fevers and ringworm. Its recipe was even include in some pharmacology texts.They called it huoyao, or firedrug, because of its explosive tendencies that led to fire in the alchemists laboratories. It was then later used for firecrackers and blasting and thus, its military applications were immediately realized. coating It is ironic that the Taoists, who are known for their pr actices in prolonging the lives of its devotees, were the ones who produced the gunpowder which was able to do the exact opposite. As mentioned earlier, its application was mainly in the military that used it to make bombs, grenades and cannons.Earlier designs of cannons used bamboo barrels. But they were probably able to improve it since bronze cannons that date back to 1332 were unearthed and are now at the Chinese History Museum. However, it was also discovered that as early as 1128, metal bombards were already used. Then, gunpowder was also used for its rocket-propelling capabilities which the Chinese used to develop . . . more than thirty different kinds of fire-arrows knowing to rain down on the enemy, explode, and catch everything around on fire. (Embree 850)The invention of gunpowder did not have as much impact to Chinese family as its introduction to the Western world did. After all, with gunpowder, Europe was able to move out of its medieval era via destroying the front iers of the feudal castles that ruled it then and establishing a monarchy. This monarchy then further utilized gunpowder to strengthen and stabilize its position in Europe. It was later on innovated and used in guns and artillery and as the years go on in bombs, grenades, and everything else that explodes. But with the Chinese, the gunpowder did not have such an impact, as mentioned.Embree adds that it was because during the Tang dynasty, China was already a united conglomerate and thus did not have feudal castles to destroy like the Europeans. Of course, the Chinese did not want to share the gunpowder and the other things they invented or innovated with it. What country would? However, they were unable to stop its spread. After using it to fend off invaders like the Jurchen from forests in the northeast and the Mongols, the Chinese still lost to them anyway in 1127 and 1234, respectively. Then, the Mongols ruled . . .China and used gunpowder against the Southern Song, the Japanese , and kingdoms in Southeast Asia. (Embree 850) As for the spread of gunpowder to the west, the Arabs are certainly not the ones responsible, even if it appeared suddenly in Italy during the fourteenth century. Embree quotes an bind by Lynn White, Jr. titled Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology. Although the article does not explicitly mention gunpowder, what he says in his article is a probable explanation of how at least the technology of gunpowder suddenly appeared in Italy.White explains that it might be because of the slave trade in Italy. Since the Muslim slaves were gruff and intimately always escaped and due to canonical prohibitions, the Genoese merchants thought of securing slaves from central Asia and made it the main source of slaves. It is not impossible for the Genoese merchants to do this since they are known to have been the first Europeans to have traded with the Mongolians, Russians and the Chinese (Embree 853). In addition, the sl aves that were sold were of both sexes and were relatively old enough to have accurate memories of their own homelands.A study on the records of the slaves also revealed that the majority of the slaves came from areas near Tibet and China (Embree 852). Thus, it certainly implies that the technology of the gunpowder may have been carried through to Italy and into the Western world by the Asian slaves. And gunpowder is still relevant today as the other inventions that the Chinese came up with centuries ago. In connection with that though, the thought of what the world might have been today if it was the Chinese who did it continues to bug the mind.Anyway, it certainly seems that after a long rest, the Chinese government is taking steps to revive its scientific community. China has now formal its new science and technology management system that integrates science and technology with industrial and agriculture production. And with their opening up policy, its scientists and engineers concentrated on the worlds advanced level of scientific and technological development. Thus, international exchange and cooperation is now the priority of China since technology acquisition will continue to bring about changes in Chinas own technology (Yu 222).An example of this is the increase in the information and communication technology in China, which has one of the worlds largest telecommunications market. Its information technology industry has also been helping the economy triple its gross domestic product (Qiang 2). Indeed, the reforms and opening up that China did brought positive effects, with a fast economic growth. With its continual development and improvement of its science and technology policies, it will certainly close the gap between those with other countries in the near future.

Antonin Artaud: Theatre of Cruelty Essay

Antonin Artauds most profound piece of work was not a poem, not a diarrhoea, not an acting role, tho a theory Artauds battlefield of Cruelty. He began to form his Theatre of Cruelty theory after learning of the Balinese theatre that seemed, to him, to share qualities with his ideas astir(predicate) theatre. Artaud held a great respect for Balinese theatre which revolves around dance and actions to convey meaning (Encyclopedia Britannica). More traditional theatre revolves around words to convey meaning.Artaud believed that the specificity of oral interpretations got in the way of true meaning and that using physical gestures to express thoughts was more effective (Encyclopedia Britannica). He looked at drama as more of a physical act than a recitation of a script. The entire form of theatre, in his view, needed to be different to suit his pertly idea that the figure of theatre was to express the cruelty of human beings (Encyclopedia Britannica). Artaud was very liberal in his ideas for this new theatre. He was specific in what he involveed out of the new theatre.He had many plans for how it would function and many dreams of the effect it would bring to its audiences as well as the art form as a whole. Antonin Marie Artaud was innate(p) in 1846 in Marseille France to his Greek parents, Euphrasie Nalpas and Antoine-Roi Artaud. He was one of the two surviving children out of nine, but he was very ill. Many of his problems can be attributed to his untimely childhood illnesses and the way they were treated. As a child, Artaud suffered from meningitis of the brain, neuraligia, and clinical depression. Since he was an unhealthy child, he was treated with opium which began his keep-long addiction.As a young man Artaud was smart, handsome, and capable. He wrote poetry, but his main focus was theatre. He also acted in plays and directed theatre. While he was never well-known, he gave his life up to writing and excelled at it. His expertness for writing stran ge-yet-interesting pieces was a result of his demented mind. He had strange ideas that were both brilliant and misunders withald. The opium and mental illness that brought Artaud his skill in writing as well ask a monetary value on his body and were his up to nowtual downfall.Artaud spent some years of his life going in and out of mental hospitals. He weard a fast, short life nd he died at the young get along with of 52 in a psychatric clinic. People may never definitely know whether Artaud was really intellectually inspired by the drugs he was so addicted to, but one might hope that the drugs that took his life away from him at such an early age served some sort of useful purpose. Such an odd man would seem to be more well-known, when in fact Artaud and his theories are so obscure that inadequate can be found on them in any reliable resources. To fully understand Artauds Theatre of Cruelty completely, one must rootage understand the meaning Artaud puts into the word cruelty. He utilise the words in many different ways to express his own philosophies. Artaud, according to Lee Jamison, used the word cruelty to apply to many differerent philosophies and views of his. More specifically, she defines four different ways Artaud included the concept of cruelty in his theories. The first of Artauds conceptual definitions of cruelty is the essense of human existence (Jamison). This definition of cruelty is that human life has no meaning, which is a cruel thought indeed. This definition shows Artauds jaded persepctive of life.He believed that life had no meaning and that theatre should show everyone else the cruel fact that he knew to be true. The second definition is cruelty as a recitation, the practice of cruelty being breaking away from false reality (Jamison). He believed that everyone was living a lie and should and accept reality rather than ignoring the truth. Artauds third cruelty concept is that he believed that the audience should be exposed to cruel ty by means of the theatre experience. He did not just want the audience to see cruelty up on the stage he cherished to put them in the middle of it all and to experience it themselves.He wanted all barriers to be erased and for the audience to become part of the action in drama (Jamison). In this way the audience could have a better instinct of the concept Artaud was so eager to put on display in the theatre. The fourth and last interpretation of cruelty is Artauds own personal views. He considered everything imaginable to be reality (Jamison). If it could be thought up, it was real. This ties in with the willing suspension of disbelief which means what the audience is experiencing in the theatre is real in a way. The characters become people that the audience cares about.Understanding the many meanings Artaud put on one word, cruelty, is vital to understanding his meaning in his theory of Theatre of Cruelty. Artauds theories could very well be the work of a misuderstood genious carrying a jem of precious intellect. He makes many valid points in his writing. perhaps life is just a cruel, meaningless existence. One could never know without blind faith. There is no science to prove that life has a deeper meaning other than to live and reproduce. If facing the truth is cruel then Artaud believed that all people should stand up to cruelty and look it in the face.Artaud could be right in say that people should not live a lie. Putting an audience in a dramiatic situation is a marvelous idea if not taken too far. His theories may have been the beginnings of improvisational theatre or may have even spawned the modern day house of horrors. Artaud could be right about saying that even things that exist only in the mind are real. Reality is merely perception. Whether one can think of something or tangibly experience it, it is real in their perception. Artaud had many excellent ideas and theories that carry on with humanity through today.Artauds theories very well ma y be the jumbled-up imaginations and creations of a drug-addicted mad man. Perhaps his mental instability do him look at life through a distorted looking glass. What he saw was there, he was merely twisting it. Life itself being cruel sounds exactly like an exaggeration a depressed person would make. Life can be wonderful in so many ways. Existence itself is no cruelty to mankind. Existence merely forces the living to eat and breath, nothing more. Society may be a cruelty to mankind, but then again civilization is not innate. That people tend to avoid the truth is a terribly large generalization to make.It sounds like it was just made up. There is no evidence put behind it at all. Putting an audience through cruelty by making them part of a play is very cruel indeed. It may be so cruel that it serves no purpose at all, except to drive people away from the theatre. Looking at it reasonably and scientifically, if something cannot be seen, smelled, heard, touched, or tasted, one can never know if it is actually there. It almost sounds like something that would come out of the mouth of someone mentally ill. The main problem with no one adopting Artauds theatre was that immense changes would have to be made to the art in itself.Buildings would have to be changed so that the audience could be part of the action in plays. Writers would have write in a way that demonstrated Artauds theories. His precise and thought-out ideas for the theatre were too specific to be conformed to easily. If the changes had not been so drastic, theatres very well may have adapted and become Theatres of Cruelty. Artaud was very particular in his theories. All of Artauds theories tied in very closely to one another. To conform to one of Artauds ideas without conforming to any other would be an immense challenge.

Business Process Reengineering Essay

Fundamental rethinking and radical design to achieve prominent cash advance in appeal, quality, service and delivery (Hammer & Champy, 1993 Manganelli & Klein, 1994). It means that business cognitive process reengineering invites m either steps that change the entire business process. This is done to reduce the greet of payoff of a product or service, increasing the quality, and satisfying customers by offering an excellent service and delivery. BPR back be done in four ways that atomic number 18i. Business transformationBy using this way, the whole governing is changed. This includes the business process, business management and business strategies.ii. Redesign business processIn this way, only the business processes be changed. Usu tout ensembley, the number processes leave alone be reduced. The non determine added processes are eliminated.iii. Business process change managementThis is the process for managing human/employee lieu of change. It includes the steps tak en to change the management team up or a project draw.iv. Redesign strategies and value added processesIt means that the organization changes the business strategies and creates or improves their value added activities.Objectives of Business Process Reengineering (BPR)There are many objectives of business process reengineering. The main objective is of course to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the whole business. Listed down the stairs are the specific objectives of business processreengineering i. To save time and costTime can be saved once the non value added activities are upstage from the process as there is fewer sue process to be done. This totallyow go bad to cost saving as the cost incurred during the production will also decrease. As the cost decreases, the profit margin will be higher and it will lead to a greater income for the bon ton.ii. To improve the quality of workBy implementing business process reengineering, the fragmentation of work can be re duced. This is contributed by the fewer process involved in production. This will reduce the errors that total in production as fewer machines or human are involved. The performance of the business process reengineering can be improved through feedback stock by the users of the goods or services.iii. To satisfy customersThis is also one of the objectives of implementing business process reengineering. Customers will always be the main priority. BPR will ease the customer in many ways. For instance, nowadays we no longer have to stand in a queue line while waiting to be served if we go to any bank as the number system had been introduced. This is one character of the contribution of business process reengineering for customers gratification.Advantages of Business Process Reengineeringi. Lower costReengineering proves to be cost effective as the cost of operating after implementing BPR will decrease significantly. ii. Better use of existing staffThe existing staff expertise can be r etained enhance through training them at the point of writ of execution of BPR. iii. Increase effectiveness and efficiencyAs the employees are aware of the processes that they involve in that has been reduced, it also reduces the time lag amongst different process.Implementation of BPRKey StepsSelection of strategic added value processesSimplify new processOnce the engineering take place, organization should stop and execute the selection of idea from the above step. The top management cannot live in limbo between yes or no and what are going to do with the idea.Organize a team & workflowAssign responsibilitiesTrain the process teamManager will act as a coaches for the workers as they do not orders but they will guide, direct, coordinate and empower the job to the workers. This involved the top management and subordinates in working together as a team. Critical success factors required to compete are identified and prioritized. Participative business makeovers reject the top- down approach to reengineering in favor of a middle ground, where the managers and workers come together to redesign business processes. The BPR team will be split into two parts, a design team made up of senior managers, and an execution team composed of people who will actually do the workIntroduce the redesigned processThese initiatives seek to provide understanding of the markets, competitors, and the position of the organization within the industry ImplementationBPR Success factorsRevising reward and motivation systemNew reward and incentive intention must be revised as supporting BPR effort to encouraging people to endorse BPR such as introduce new job titles in order to motivate the workers to the new system implementation. The workers are a resource for an organization to manage the operation effectively. The BPRwill successfully be implemented if the workers are highly motivated to the changes made.Effective communicationIt is demand throughout the changes process at all leve ls in order to ensure patience and understanding among all employees. Communication breakdown between top management and the workers tend to happen due to the significant changes in the new system. By improving a bettor way of communication could lead the company to successfully implemented BPR in the organization.EmpowermentThe organization should establish a culture which staff at all levels feel more responsible and accountable to their respective job scope. Empowerment will make the staff feel more appreciative of their work when the organization give them the authority which in other means recognized and appreciate their work towards the success of the organization. The staff also will be able to puzzle their goals and monitor their own performance thus supporting the implementation of BPR.Management of riskBPR involves radical changes to several systems in organization. Continuous risk assessment is needed throughout the implementation process to ensure the BPR success. The calculation of risk will help the organization in decision making regarding BPR implementation.Aligning BPR strategy with incorporated strategyAs corporate strategy determines objectives and guidance on how the organizational capabilities can be best utilised to gain competitive position, BPR strategy guides the qualifying of tasks into integrated process. It also must accompanied by strategic planning in order to be successful in the long run.Kaizen Costing existenceKaizen costing also has a Japanese heritage. It comes from the combination ofthe Japanese characters kai and zen which mean change and good, respectively. The word Kaizen translates to continuous improvement or change for the improve and aims to improve productivity by making gradual changes to the entire manufacturing process. Masaki Imai known as the Lean Guru and the father of Continuous Improvement (CI) Masaaki Imai has been a pioneer and leader in spreading the Kaizen philosophy all over the world.Understand Kai zen CostingTo understand Kaizen costing, one first needs to grasp standard costing methodology. The representative standard costing approach works by designing a product first, and computing costs by taking into account material, labour and overhead. The resulting encounter is set as the product cost. The standard cost is set and revised on a yearly basis. Cost deviation analysis involves checking to see whether the intercommunicate cost estimates tally with the final figures. Manufacturing procedures are assumed to be static.In example, approach centres around recognizing that employees who work on a particular job are aware of how that particular task can be greatly improved. Employees are treated as worthy sources of viable solutions, an approach that differs greatly from the standard cost system that views employees as labourers with variable performance levels.GoalsIn order to properly implement Kaizen principals for process improvement, there are four goals towards reachin g successful implementation of Kaizen 1. To ensure that actual production cost are less than the prior year cost. 2. To reduce the difference between profit estimates and target profits (every surgical incision in the company makes an effort to introduce operational changes on a daily basis). 3. Analyzing every part of the process and generating ideas on how they can be gain improved. 4. Kaizen costing takes into account aspects such as time-saving strategies, employee efficiency and wastage reduction.AdvantagesFocus on customersKaizen permits no middle ground its either you provide best products and customer triumph or not. All the activities should aim at providing customer with whatever he wants and should help the firm long term objective of customers gladness at the same time building up good relationship. It is a responsibility of each and every person working in a Kaizen company to make sure that the product is up to the mark and it satisfies customers need. Make improveme nts continuouslyIn order to search for excellence just does not end. We should work on the improvement implemented and see if we can make it even more effective. Acknowledge problems openlyEvery company has certain problems related to finance, competition, change in demand etc. Kaizen companies are no exception, but by fostering an appropriately supportive, constructive culture it becomes easier for any team to get its problem in the open. The whole organization works as a team to solve the problem. The problems are openly shared by the management with the employees which avoids rumours. It simply means scrap WITH YOUR PROBLEMS DONT RUN AWAYFROM THEM. Promote opennessThere seems to be less operating(a) ring fencing i.e. only the senior managers have hidden cabins. Otherwise the workplace is generally open and in many companies even the dress code and canteen for everyone is the same Create work teamsEach singular in a Kaizen company belongs to work team headed by a leader. Worki ng in various overlapping teams draws employees into corporate life and reinforces the mutual understanding. Cross- functional teamsKaizen states that no individual or team has all the required skill and knowledge to complete a task. Cross-functional teams help in getting all the valuable informations from the view of all the related people. It calls forletting ideas to flow as wide as running on moon. DisadvantagesReluctant to change most(prenominal) employees do not like changes as it will lead them to a new style of workingToo much suggestion may lead to confusion and time wastage.By giving the opportunities to help in getting all the suggestion from the view of all the related people, they may be torment to focus what are the best way to follows and also required a lot of time in considering which ways is the beneficially to them.Real life example A Case Study of New Kaizen Activities at Tahara plant (Toyota)This type of costing was used by Japanese automobile companies (Toyota ). The manufacture line at Tahara plant was reorganized in 1995 clearly following the new concept realized first at Toyota Kyushu. However it was the assembly section itself that conceived this new assembly line, taking the initiative in product design and reconstruction of the assembly line. It began in 1991 where the change in 1995 of the Hilux Surf (sports proceeds) being assembled and the assembly of another sports utility (Land Cruiser Prado) from 1996 were planned.On the basis of discussions held in the Committee above mentioned, the director of this assembly plant suggested to his assembly sections manager (section top dog) to prepare the revision of this sports utility by searching for an ideal assembly line. He then started to conceive it and organize engineers, try team staff, chief leadership and group leaders so that everyone would collaborate in order to realize an ideal assembly line about which he did not have any clear conception. thusly he fixed the orientatio n toward the reconstruction of his assembly line as followsConstruct an assembly shop where the workers can work easily and executetheir trading operations rhythmically Organize a human centered Toyota Production SystemForm a kaizen mind of everyone so that he/she willingly does kaizen.The section chief thought that if the assembly shop were organized in such a way, it would also contribute to increase production efficiency assuring quality and security, and then to reduce costs. There were many problems to solve, which necessitated the collaboration of the product manager of these models, Product Engineering Design Sections, Production Engineering Division as well as those of Araco and Hino (Araco designs the body of Land Cruiser Prado Hino, that of Hilux Surf whereas Toyota develops their chassis). In fact, the conception of new assembly line could not be developed without modifying vehicle structures and parts designs of these models. equality between BPR and Kaizen approach.Re- engineeringKaizenType of processWork best cross organizational boundaries as complex interrelationship of variables. Work best with well defined boundaries. compass point of changeIncremental or radical and usually bear upon an entire integrated process. Incremental or radical but usually only affect a limited sub process at a time. SpeedGenerally implemented in a big bang changeoverGenerates straight noticeable and measurable changesAcceptanceHigh risk of things reverting back to the way they were soon after the consultants leave. Since the people that actually do the work are the ones making the changes acceptance are very high. CostOften involves expensive technologies, computers, and other system. Most lean changes are inexpensive or even free. applied scienceReengineering project is often led by computer consultants.Most lean methods minimize or even eliminate reliance on technology with a preference toward visual methods and simplification.Similarities of Business Process R eengineering and Kaizen Approach i. They increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the way the organization operates. ii. These two approaches focus on lowering cost.iii. Customers satisfaction is always the goal for these two strategic management accounting approaches.ConclusionThe Business Process Reengineering is the process of redesigning the business processes and the associated systems and organizational structures to achieve a dramatic change in the whole business process and performance. On the other hand, Kaizen is a small improvements and changes for a better for business process and performance. It must be accompanied by change of method. Business Process Reengineering is a project with a defined beginning and ending. Kaizen is a never ending process.

Group Dynamics And Groupthink In A Management Environment

rootthink is a prevalent process in many organizations and businesses. This paper go out examine the definition of companythink as it relates to management decisions comp atomic number 18d with similar pigeonholing movement factors and situations leading to the thoughts and processes of business decision making, pigeonholing dynamics and interpersonal operations inside the group from both a business standpoint and a psychological standpoint. These standpoints will evaluate the effects of government agency, cohesion, anxiety and group norms leading to either effective or defective group process and group decision making.As with all group dynamics on that point are many factors convolute much(prenominal) as race, gender, religion, political and cultural views. The paper will examine the interactions involved in spite of appearance a group and examine how groupthink is often allowed to be the overall choice made by the group. The author will also examine the variance in defi nitions variate the Janis (I. L. Janis, 1982) model and the Management text book definition (Bateman, Snell, 2011) to gather a sound definition for business purposes. GROUPTHINK IN ORGANIZATIONAL concern Organizations and managers must make critical decisions on a daily basis.As business is such a highly complex environment spanning both bailiwick and global markets decision making must be thought of in a bigger field of view taking into account many factors such as bias, culture and customer attitude to name a few. No one person generally has all the knowledge or experience to take in charge every conceiv satisfactory issue that may arise or need to be considered. A good manager or leader knows that they alone are not the only one to solve the problem and thus look to others to help with the puzzle needing to be solved. in that respect is a substantial need to induce broad spectrum opinion and ideas in business today which leads effective managers to seek and develop effective groups to provide that broad spectrum and increase idea flow from variant perspectives. The Brain-Storming in business today is much more complicated and involves large numbers of variable factors that send away outgo be resolved by the group process allowing for varied input and expertise education to be injected into the final decision making process.This does not always define an effective group or process as we will see throughout this paper. Decision Making Management must make decisions in dissimilar ways to handle incompatible problems on a daily basis. Many of these decisions are programmed decisions found on past experience and working knowledge based on procedures already in place. These programmed decisions are normally simple in nature and are more of an automatic response versus having to think of or develop a new solution.As we know, things are not always as easy as we may wish and in business, with its ever changing nature, problems and issues arise that requi re the manager to be creative and adapt new thinking and new solutions to properly make an effective decision. This nonprogrammed decision making process involves the manager weighing the good with the pernicious and attempting to identify all the unknown variables. It is at this stage that an effective manager or leader knows to review his limitations and seek guidance from others with the knowledge to provide information needed to develop and informed and effective decision.The adage knowledge is power comes to mind and the manager, leader seeks out those who can assist in providing that knowledge to put down risks and gain a amend reward. The effective manager, leader will practice stages of the decision making process, as they normally might, in identifying the problem and generating alternative solutions. In the process of attempting to generate solutions the manager would best be served by obtaining that knowledge of others to compensate their own. This is where they may de cide to form a group and begin the group process to ultimately solve the problem and make the best decision practical.Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing In the decision to form a group to aid in difficult decision making there are several key items management must consider in selecting members of the group and being aware of possible negative effects of the group members involved. One of the first items to be considered is the size of the group needed and what skills or knowledge is required and what skills or knowledge for each one member may provide. The smaller group may require little group maintenance but provide less needed input.A larger group may provide more information but require a higher degree of group maintenance thus rendering them less effective. Management may choose to seek well known members or possibly new members. Newer members may provide new ideas and concepts while more well-known members could tend to adhere to the current policy and procedures an d not be as creative and more satisficing. Group make-up must also avoid dominance type personalities to allow for a more free flow of ideas and creativity thus reducing group anxiety.Group management must be inaugural in the mind of the manager to best achieve the goals and allowing for the best decision to be made. Knowing each person in the group individuals personality can be critical to proper selection but as with all people each are different and demonstrate different personalities in different situations. Group management must be maintained and happend to avoid conflicts based on personality and not creativity. Short of management being trained in psychology a group of members is selected based on managements best knowledge and pinch of each individual member.Forming is the stage of group dynamics where the members first come unneurotic and normally demonstrate polite and positive attitudes to one another, as in any greeting situation, and is usually petty in time. The next stage of development in the group is often difficult and delicate as members try to determine their role and place inwardly the group. Storming identifies this stage by the way in which the members may question the validity or purpose of the group, including those within, and challenge or attempt to assert authority within the group.They may also feel overwhelmed by the task at hand and not yet understand their purpose of being there. It is not uncommon for groups at this stage to fail or cause some members to feel undervalued. When all, or closely, of the difficulties are settled to members satisfaction the group moves forward with an understanding of their place within the group. Norming is the stage where the group comes together to identify the common goal and progress with the understanding and social makeance of the group members as a whole. Forward progress and the ability to share in the group vision or goal being established, next stage, performing, is achieved.The group now functions well together and their work begins to bare the fruit of their labor. Process and structure switch been established and work continues to achieve the main objective as group members satisfaction has increased. Managing Group Dynamics in Decision Making As we now have a better understanding of group dynamics in their basic form we realize that management must remain vigilant in all of the stages but certainly the performing stage the most. It is at the performing stage where most can go wrong and where complacency is most likely to occur.Group members are now comfortable in their role, leaders in the group have been well established and the work of the group may continue as if on autopilot. This may lead the group to fall into the trap of familiarity and allow the status-quo. new(prenominal) factors may emerge from leaders or members within the group such as dominance and familiar cohesion where members chose to avoid dis scoffment and merely agree to consensus . Groupthink Phenomenon Should the group be allowed to fall into this trap it would be clear that management has failed to separate the problem thereby allowing the creativity and effectiveness of the group to become ineffective.This phenomenon was exposit by Irving Janis (1972, 1982) as faulty decision making in a group when members do not consider all alternatives and desire unanimity at the expense of quality. There are several variations to the groupthink model such as The term groupthink is appropriate only when the concurrence seeking emerges prematurely, thus curtailing thinking and discussion, and change magnitude the likelihood of poor decision outcomes (Longley and Pruitt, 1980). This variation does not always hold true in all cases. Based on groupthink in juries it is also evident that the information has been discussed and thought of critically but the jury member (group member) gave in more to peer (group) pressure from either the authoritative jury foreman, jury me mbers or merely the desire to agree for their own personal benefit, such as the desire to end their sequestration if involved in a lengthy case. Groupthink Variations Janis (1972, 1982, 1989) define groupthink as the extreme concurrence sought by decision-making groups. Groupthink is most likely to occur when a group experiences antecedent conditions such as high cohesion, insulant from experts, limited methodological search and appraisal procedures, directive leadership, and high stress combined with low self-esteem and little hope of finding a better solution than that favored by the leader or influential group members.Such conditions lead to symptoms of groupthink such as illusions of invulnerability, collective rationalization, belief in the inseparable morality of the group, stereotypes of outgroups, pressure on dissenters, self-censor-ship, illusions of unanimity, and self-appointed mindguards (Turner, Pratkanis, Probasco, Leve,1992). Causal factors in groupthink seem to no t fit only one model such as Janis describe.There are varied reasons group members seek concurrence unanimity in decision making, emotion, anxiety and coercion are some of only many reminding us that in managerial decisions we must remain mindful of the group members involved and maintain an active role in managing both the group and the decisions that come from within the group. If a manager is effective at management they will be better able to recognize the possible factors within the group before a faulty or ineffective decision can be made. ConclusionIn examination of the decision making method we can see that there is a much larger degree to utilizing the group method requiring the manager to not only manage the personnel but also manage the group. A thorough knowledge of group dynamics is most important when selecting group members which can be difficult at times when expecting group performance based solely on an individuals subject knowledge with little to no understanding of their interpersonal skills. The manager must be willing to accept risks certainly, if they expect to gain the best possible solution with the most creativity forthcoming.But the effective manager must also invest time and observe the group at different stages and evaluate member selection within each stage to ensure the proper choice made is still the best fit. The effective manager must be alert for telltale signs of conflict within the group and be prepared at all stages to make replacements available to include the group leader or dominant members within the group. Managing personnel on a factory floor and managing decision making groups are twain very different levels which require a far greater knowledge and understanding on the managers part.If a manager is not able to recognize interpersonal skills and weaknesses then there is little chance they can effectively manage a group and expect positive results from that group nor would they recognize the proper decision to be v alid or invalid. In the business world of today that could make the difference between being successful or going out of business. As was stated early on, managers are not expected to be psychologists but a truly effective manager will have and know the basics to understanding human behavior to remain an effective manager.

Proessionals Responsibility To The Society Essay

Professionals should not restrict their bestow to their work place only. Instead they should extend it to the community in which they operate. Professionals put up be involved in the hostelry in many ways which include education, economic empowerment and creation of international links.Professionals have a wider consciousness of the contemporary affairs. This friendship can be used to educate the partnership on its cultivated rights, how to respond to social challenges and enlightening them on the national and international affairs. The society expects the professionals to use their knowledge and understanding of these matters to help them to be get out braced to face challenges in the society. Education can be make through seminars, awareness meeting and mobilizations in determine to enable the masses to live together harmoniously. The society needs awareness in matters of gender parity, respect for religious and racial differences within the community and early(a) socia l matters as may be violated in the society. Another area of education is how to implement the natural resources sustainably since ignorance of such a serious matter can cause drastic effects on people.Professionals can alike contri alonee to the economic empowerment of the society through many ways. They can every directly or indirectly take part in activities aimed at developing people economically in the society. They can do this by proving the necessary conducive environment that can enable people in the society to realize their full potential. In empowering people, professionals have the obligation to enlighten the society on the factors of production available to them and how to look for market for their goods.They can also contribute directly by grammatical construction schools, factories and medical facilities where people in the community can access them easily. Professionals are in a cave in position, receivable to their experience and knowledge, to identify talents i n the society. Such talents can be developed and promoted in order to enable be people to live to their potentials. Organization of sporting activities and meet people campaigns are round of the activities which can be used to achieve this. At the same time professionals can use their knowledge to provide carrier counseling for students within the community in which they work. This can help them in choosing their carriers thusly empowering them economically in future.Professionals can help to link the society with the outside world. Since they have a better understanding of the culture, believes and economic activities of other people, they can enlighten the society not only on how to act but also areas of interaction that can realize maximum returns out of such interactions. They can be involved in exchange programs in fields of education, business and culture to mention but a few. This can promote international understanding and cooperation among different countries.Journalists are supposed to provide information to the society. However, this can be difficult in societies where the living standards are low. It becomes difficult for people to access the information due to poverty levels. At the same time some in some countries there is lack of emancipation to journalists. They are limited on what they can track. While fighting for their rights, they should fight for the rights of the society as well.Teachers on the other hand are supposed to reduce illiteracy level in the society but this is made difficult by the fact that education is expensive in some countries.Cultural reasons also water their efforts to lighten the society through education.Lawyers can be of benefit to the society by promoting courtly rights in the society but their work is hindered mostly by cultural and reasons. Some practices which violate sympathetic rights are in most cases valued highly by people in the society. Failure to report of injustices committed in the society also con tributes to the difficulties the lawyers face in carrying out their responsibility to the society.Reference1). www.internews.org/ orbiculate/gov/default.shtm2). www.americanpressinstitute.org/pages/resources/2005/07/